GIFT CARD BREAKAGE AND ARTIFICIAL INCOME SMOOTHING: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Gregory G. Kaufinger
Anderson University- Indiana
ABSTRACT
Breakage is a derivative of gift card programs; its recognition as income in financial
results is always accretive. However, the amount and timing of the income recognition event is
highly subject to management discretion, which naturally leads to questions of whether breakage
is an earnings management tool. In response, this study investigates the use of gift card breakage
as an artificial income smoothing tool within the retail industry. The results of this study suggest
that retail organizations do not use breakage to artificially smooth earnings. This study adds to
our understanding of the use of discretionary financial items to synthetically adjust financial
results.
Keywords: Gift cards, breakage, artificial income smoothing